The Causes of Vedana
 
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by Vipassana Research Institute - À§»¥»ç³ª ¿¬±¸¼Ò -

 

(* ÀÌ ±ÛÀº À§ºü»ç³ª ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡¼­ ÃâÆÇÇÑ ¡°The Importance of Vedana and Sampajanna¡±À̶õ Ã¥¿¡¼­ ¹ßÃéÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.)

 

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¼öÇàÀÚ´Â ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î¼­ÀÇ -ÀϾ´Ù(samudaya)°ú »ç¶óÁö´Â(atthangama)- °¨°¢µéÀ» °üÂûÇϵµ·Ï ¹è¿ö¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. °¨°¢µéÀ» Áñ±â´Â À§Çè(adinava)À» ÀνÄÇϰí, ±×¸®°í °¨°¢ÀÇ ¼Ò¸ê(nirodha)°ú °¨°¢ÀÇ ¼Ò¸ê·Î À̲ô´Â ±æ(nirodhagamini patipada)À» °üÂûÇϵµ·Ï ¹è¿ö¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. º×´Ù´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹«»óÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ vedanaÀÇ Âü º»ÁúÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í °üÂûÇÔÀ¸·Î½á¸¸ÀÌ ¸¶À½À» ûÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í °¡¸£Ä¡¼Ì´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàÀÚ´Â »ý»çÀÇ ±¼·¹·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö Áú ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ ¸ðµç ±«·Î¿òÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î, ¸¶À½°ú ¹°Áú ±× ³Ê¸ÓÀÇ ´Ü°è¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

º×´Ù´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»¾¸ÇϽŴÙ.

Samahito sampajano, sato Buddhassa savako;
vedana ca pajanati, vedananam ca sambhavam.
Yattha ceta nirujjhanti, maggam ca khayagaminam;
vedananam khaya bhikkhu, nicchato parinibbuto.

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ÇÑ °¡Áö Àç¹Õ´Â À̾߱Ⱑ »óÀÀºÎ "´À³¦-»óÀÀ"ÀÇ ½Ã¿ÍÄ« °æ(Sivaka Sutta)¿¡ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ÇÑ ±³ÆÄÀÇ À¯Çà½ÂÀÎ ¸ô¸®¾ß ½Ã¿Í±î´Â º×´Ù²² ¿Í¼­ ¸»¾¸µå¸®±â¸¦, ¾î¶² »ç¹®°ú ºê¶ó¸¸µéÀº (Àΰ£ÀÌ °æÇèÇÏ´Â Áñ°Ì°í ±«·Ó°í ¹«´ý´ýÇÑ ¸ðµç) vedana´Â ¿À·ÎÁö °ú°ÅÀÇ ¾÷ÀÌ À;¿¡ µû¶ó ÀϾ´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. º×´Ù´Â ÀÌ·± °ßÇØ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¹®°ú ºê¶ó¸¸µéÀº »ç½Ç ±Ø´ÜÀ¸·Î °¡´Â(atidhavanti) °ÍÀ̶ó°í ´ë´äÇϼ̴Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº vedanaÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¿øÀεéÀ» ÀüÇô °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

´Ù¸¥ À̵éÀº ¶Ç vedanaÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀº ´ãÁóÀ̶ó´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ °¡Áö´Âµ¥, ±×µéµµ ¶ÇÇÑ ±Ø´ÜÀ¸·Î °£ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö °ßÇØµéÀº ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù. °ú°ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ vedanaÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í ¹ÏÀ¸¸é¼­, °ú°Å¿¡ ÇàÇß´ø ¾ÇÇàµéÀÌ ¼Ò¸êÇϰí ûÁ¤°ú ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ´Ü°è¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó¸é¼­, »ç¶÷Àº ¶Ç ÇêµÈ ´Ù¸¥ °íÇà¿¡ ºüÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ´ãÁó¸¸ÀÌ vedanaÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó´Â ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ¶È°°ÀÌ ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù.

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¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, »ç¶÷Àº Ãß¿ï ¶§ ¾î¶² ƯÁ¤ÇÑ vedana¸¦ ´À³¢°í, ´õ¿ï ¶§ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ vedana¸¦ ´À³¤´Ù. Vedana´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ºÒ¸®ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­, ȤÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³î·¨°Å³ª ¸¶À½°ú ¸öÀÇ ÆòÇüÀÌ ¹æÇع޾ÒÀ» ¶§ ÀϾ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ vedana°¡ °æÇèµÇ¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ »ç¶÷Àº À°Ã¼ÀûÀΠó¹úÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß¸¸ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, ¶Ç´Â À§¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇß´ø °Íó·³ ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á˵éÀ» ¾ø¾Ö°í ûÁ¤Çϰí È®°íºÎµ¿ÇÑ »î¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í À߸ø ¹ÏÀ¸¸é¼­, ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ±Ý¿åÀûÀÎ °íÇà ³­ÇàÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¿¡¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ vedana°¡ °æÇèµÇ¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î´Â °ú°Å ±ô¸¶(¾÷)ÀÇ ¼÷¼ºÀÌ ¸ö¿¡¼­ vedana¸¦ ÀϾµµ·Ï ¾ß±â ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô °ú°ÅÀÇ ±ô¸¶¸¦ (Àΰ£ÀÌ °æÇèÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç) vedanaÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í, ¶Ç´Â ´ãÁóÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¸¦ ¹ö¸®°í, º×´Ù´Â vedanaÀÇ ¿©´ü °¡Áö ¿øÀεéÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¼­¼úÇϼ̴Ù.

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±×¸®°í °ú°Å ¾÷ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ÀÎÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ±× ¿©´ü ¹øÂ°ÀÌ´Ù.

º×´Ù´Â ¸ö ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸Å ¼ø°£ ÀϾ´Â vedana¸¦ ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®°í, vedanaÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö°£¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀº »ç¶óÁö°Ô µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù°í ¾Ë¸é¼­, ±×°Íµé¿¡ Ä§ÂøÇÑ ¸¶À½ »óŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ì¶ó°í Á¦ÀÚµéÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡¼Ì´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¼ö·ÃÀ» ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, º×´ÙÀÇ Á¦ÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµç vedanaÀÇ ¿µ¿ª ±× ³Ê¸Ó·Î °¥ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ°í, ±×¸®°í ±«·Î¿òÀÇ ¼Ò¸êÀ» °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ´Õ¹Ù³ª(¿­¹Ý)ÀÇ °æÇèÀÌ´Ù.

 

The Causes of Vedana

by Vipassana Research Institute

 

(The following is an extract from The Importance of Vedana and Sampajanna published by Vipassana Research Institute.)

Although vedana (sensations) have played an important role in many meditation practices, there were no practitioners in the past, save the Buddha, who investigated their real nature. These vedana are sometimes gross and sometimes subtle, the latter becoming more distinct when the mind is concentrated. However, the mind becomes agitated when it encounters more intense vedana, and the meditator finds it difficult to observe them objectively and to investigate their true nature.

Many of the samanas and brahmanas of the past who practiced meditation, held that these vedana arise only due to the ripening of kamma (deeds committed in past lives). They therefore attempted to deliberately create vedana through various austere practices and bodily torture. They believed that in this way they could destroy all the effects of their past actions manifesting as these vedana, and achieve the summum bonum, the highest stage of ultimate peace.

The Buddha, however, instead of stressing the causes of vedana, instructed his followers to try to comprehend their true nature of impermanence (anicca) and thereby purify the mind. He advised them to maintain equanimity of mind, neither craving for pleasant vedana nor having aversion to unpleasant vedana, understanding that all vedana are intrinsically impermanent in nature, and are bound to pass away. The meditator must learn to observe them as they really are-arising (samudaya) and passing away (atthangama). He must learn to recognize the danger (adinava) of relishing them (assada), and must observe their cessation (nirodha) and the way leading to their cessation (nirodha-gamini-patipada). The Buddha taught that one could purify the mind only by observing and understanding the real nature of vedana as impermanent. In this way, the meditator can be freed from the cycle of birth and death, and thereby, attain the stage beyond mind and matter, which is free from all suffering.

The Buddha says-
Samahito sampajano, sato Buddhassa savako;
vedana ca pajanati, vedananam ca sambhavam.
Yattha ceta nirujjhanti, maggam ca khayagaminam;
vedananam khaya bhikkhu, nicchato parinibbuto.

A follower of Buddha, with concentration, awareness and constant thorough understanding of impermanence, understands clearly sensations, their arising, their cessation and the path leading to their end. A meditator who has reached the end (has experienced the entire range) of sensations (and has gone beyond) is freed from craving, is fully liberated.

An interesting story is narrated in the Sivaka Sutta of the Samyutta Nikaya. Moliyasivaka, a sectarian mendicant, came to the Buddha, and told him there were samanas and brahmanas who held the view that vedana arise only due to the ripening of previous kamma (deeds). The Buddha replied that samanas and brahmanas who held this view indeed 'run to extremes' (atidhavanti) as they do not take other causes of vedana into account. Others held the view that the only cause of vedana was bile (pitta), and they were also going to extremes. Both of these opinions are miccha (incorrect). Believing that previous actions are the sole cause of vedana, one indulges in different futile austere penances, hoping to eradicate the evil deeds committed in the past and reach a stage of purity and peace. It is equally incorrect to regard bile as the sole cause of vedana.

The Buddha, having comprehensive understanding of reality, pointed out other factors that may cause vedana. For instance, bile may be a cause, the increase of phlegm (semha) may also be a cause. Additionally, wind (vata) in the body may be aggravated and cause different vedana. At times, all three of these may become unbalanced and due to the diffusion of chemical reactions in the body (sannipata), one may feel various vedana.

Vedana may also be caused by seasonal variations (utuni). For example, one feels certain vedana in cold weather and different vedana when the weather is hot. Also, the equilibrium of the mind and body may be disturbed (visamam) in adverse circumstances or when one is frightened. Different vedana will then be experienced. In addition, a person may have to undergo physical punishment or he may deliberately adopt austere penances and torture himself as mentioned above, falsely believing that he can thereby erase his sins and attain a pure and steadfast life (opakkamikam). In this instance also, different vedana may be experienced. Finally, the ripening of previous kamma may cause vedana to arise in the body.

Thus, by abandoning both extreme viewpoints, that of previous kamma as the sole cause or that of bile as the sole cause, the Buddha delineated eight causes of vedana-
Pittam semham ca vato ca,
sannipata utuni ca;
Visamam opakkamikam,
kammavipakena atthamiti.
Bile, phlegm, and wind,
Union of body humors and seasonal changes,
Imbalance and adverse external circumstances,
With the fruit of past deeds as the eighth.

The Buddha advised his followers to meditate on vedana arising every moment within the body, whatever their cause, and to learn to maintain a dispassionate state of mind towards them, knowing that they are bound to pass away. By this training, a disciple of the Buddha can go beyond the sphere of all vedana and experience the cessation of misery. This is the experience of nibbana.